A Nation That Knows Before It Acts — On the Ancient Word "Shirasu"

 "Japanese people don't speak up."

I hear this from time to time when I talk with people from overseas.

It's true that we rarely voice an opinion right away in a meeting. We often say neither "yes" nor "no" on the spot, and take the matter home to think it over.

But something about that description has always bothered me.

It isn't that we don't assert ourselves. Perhaps we are simply trying to understand the other person, and the situation, before we act.

It was while I was thinking about this that I came across a phrase:

"Japan is a Shirasu nation."

It is a phrase rooted in a very old word — one that goes back to the Kojiki.

On the Beach Where the Land Was Handed Over

The Kojiki, compiled in 712, is Japan's oldest surviving chronicle. It begins with the age of the gods.

One of its best-known scenes takes place in Izumo, on a shore said to be today's Inasa Beach.

According to the Kojiki, the god Takemikazuchi descends to this beach as a messenger of the sun goddess Amaterasu. He plants his sword upside down in the waves, sits cross-legged on its point, and speaks to Ōkuninushi, the god who rules the land:

"This land that you ushihaku is a land that my lord's child shall shirasu."

Two different words for "to rule" appear in this one sentence.

  • Ushihaku: to hold land and people as one's own possession — to dominate them
  • Shirasu: originally an honorific form of shiru, "to know" — to govern by knowing

This is, of course, a myth. No such exchange actually took place on that beach.

Still, I find it fascinating that the ancient Japanese had two different ways of saying "to rule."

What Inoue Kowashi Found

One man took the difference between these two words very seriously.

His name was Inoue Kowashi, a legal scholar and government official of the Meiji era. Working under Itō Hirobumi, he played a central role in drafting Japan's first modern constitution, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.

Inoue had been trained in Western law. Yet when it came to writing a constitution, he turned back to Japan's own classics. He read the Kojiki closely, along with Kojiki-den, the great commentary by the 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga.

There, Inoue noticed something.

In passages about Amaterasu and the emperors, the word used is shirasu. In passages about Ōkuninushi and the local chieftains, it is ushihaku. The two words, he concluded, were used with deliberate care.

Inoue explained the difference this way.

Ushihaku is the same as what the West calls "domination." Shirasu, by contrast, comes from "to know." The one who governs first comes to know the people's joys, sorrows and wishes, reflects them in his own heart like a mirror, and rules accordingly.

Inoue believed that this idea of shirasu was the very essence of the Japanese nation.

— I want to pause here for a moment. This is Inoue's own interpretation. Whether the ancient Japanese really drew such a clear distinction in principle between the two words is something scholars view with caution.

The Word That Almost Became Article 1

Inoue tried to write shirasu into the constitution itself.

His draft of Article 1 read:

"The Empire of Japan is that which the emperors of an unbroken line shirasu."

But Itō Hirobumi objected. The article as finally promulgated in 1889 read:

"The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal."

The native word shirasu was replaced by tōchi, a formal term written in Chinese characters.

Even so, I don't think Inoue gave up. Commentaries on the Constitution, published under Itō's name, explains that the emperor's rule is not private domination but governance by virtue. One could read this as an effort to keep the spirit of shirasu alive beneath the word tōchi.

How far Inoue's ideas actually shaped the final constitution, however, is still debated today.

People Who Begin by Knowing

Now let me return to the question I started with.

Japanese people tend to get to know the other person, and read the room, before they act. Is that because Japan is a Shirasu nation?

To be honest, I can't say so with certainty.

The distinction between shirasu and ushihaku was discussed by a small group of intellectuals — scholars of Japanese classics, and men like Inoue. Townspeople of Edo or farmers in their villages were not living their lives with this idea in mind.

There are other explanations, too, for the Japanese habit of "waiting to see." A culture in which much is understood without being said. Rice-farming villages where people had to share water and work together simply to survive.

But could we look at it another way?

Perhaps Inoue found the idea of "governing by knowing" in the Kojiki because he himself had grown up in a society that valued knowing the other person.

If so, it wasn't the idea that shaped our behavior. Rather, a sense that was already within us may have been reflected in that ancient word, shirasu.

— This is only my own speculation. But thinking of it this way, the myth on that distant beach feels a little closer to me.

To Friends Across the Sea

I would like people from abroad who work with Japanese people to know this story.

When a Japanese colleague doesn't answer right away, it often doesn't mean they have no opinion. They are still in the middle of trying to understand.

And once they have come to know you and the situation, and are convinced, they tend to move surprisingly fast — and with great persistence. The initial "slowness" is also preparation, so that the decision won't need to be reversed later.

If you work with Japanese people, here are a few things you might try:

  • Share the background and context before pressing for a conclusion
  • Talk things over informally, not only in the meeting itself, but before and after it
  • When you ask for an answer, give them time to think

Give the other person time to get to know you. That may be the surest path to building trust with Japanese people.

Closing Thoughts

"Japanese people don't speak up."

The next time I hear this, I think I'll gently push back.

It isn't that we don't speak up — we are trying to understand first. And that sense may reach all the way back to a beach in an ancient myth.

Know first, then act.

I don't think that is a weakness. I think it is a kind of sincerity.

Someday I would like to visit Inasa Beach in Izumo and look out over the sea of that myth. What would you come to know, standing there?


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